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Opportunities & Challenges

Can India’s lithium reserves secure its energy independence?
In February 2023, the Government of India announced that the Geological Survey of India (GSI) found around 5.9 million tonnes of lithium reserves in the Salal-Haimana region of Jammu and Kashmir. Lithium is sometimes termed white gold for its strategic importance as an essential metal in electrification. However, India faces several challenges capitalising on its lithium deposits.

The discovery of lithium in the northern Indian Province expands the South Asian nation’s known lithium reserves. Lithium deposits have previously been found in southern Provinces of Karnataka and Kerala, and western Province of Rajasthan. Australia is the largest producer of lithium in the world with 50% of global supplies, while Chile, Argentina and China account for 23%, 14% and 12% of production, respectively.

Lithium is used in portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage systems, medical devices and satellites. Lithium batteries can enable a shift to clean and renewable energy sources that would result in significant reductions of countries’ carbon footprints.

India could strategically benefit from its own lithium production in several ways. The country could move towards energy independence, by reducing its need to import lithium and eliminating the associated risks of supply chain disruption. Domestic lithium extraction could enable India to develop advanced technologies of the future, like EVs and renewable energy storage systems.

To this end, the Indian Government has launched several initiatives to promote the domestic production of lithium-ion batteries. These initiatives include the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan and the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles scheme. The production of cost effective and sustainable power sources could boost India’s economic growth. New jobs could be created and revenue from lithium exports could generate new revenue streams.

However, India would face stiff competition in transforming raw lithium into manufactured goods. China is the world’s largest producer of lithium-ion batteries. Chinese manufacturers have invested heavily in battery production capacity, and they have been able to achieve economies of scale and reduce production costs through innovation and automation. Chile and Argentina may also have a comparative advantage in producing low-cost lithium because of their low extraction costs.

India’s energy consumption has grown at an average annual rate of around 5% over the past decade, driven by population growth, urbanisation and industrialisation. India is the world’s third-largest energy consumer, after China and the US. However, India’s energy mix remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Coal, for example, accounts for around two-thirds of India’s electricity generation. About 2.4% of Indian households are not electrified yet.

The Indian Government has set ambitious targets to increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s energy mix – to achieve 450 gigawatts of renewable energy capacity by 2030. Large Indian cities, like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, have high levels of air pollution, underscoring the need for cleaner energy. Whether India can leverage its lithium reserves to reach these targets will come down to policy decisions.

Many countries with large lithium reserves, including Bolivia and Chile, have also faced domestic political pressure to retain ownership of their mineral wealth. India may face similar pressures as it opens lithium mines.

Democratising mineral wealth ensures that the benefits of resource extraction are shared fairly and equitably among citizens. Valuable mineral resources, such as lithium, can generate significant tax revenue, and create economic opportunities for local communities.

India might need to promote transparency and accountability in its lithium mining endeavour, involve communities in decision making processes and ensure mining revenues are distributed fairly. This could help promote more sustainable and responsible mining practices, support local economic development and reduce social inequality.

There may also be challenges in mining the newly discovered lithium, too. Around 44% of the Reasi District is under forest cover and about 30% of the area is under cultivation. The soil in the area is sedimentary and vulnerable to erosion. The area is ecologically fragile, too, and is prone to earthquakes.

These geographic features could make the newly discovered lithium reserve difficult to mine. Lithium mining involves pumping large amounts of water, which can affect water availability for local communities and wildlife. Purifying lithium ore also produces large amounts of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. Roads and transportation infrastructure would also need to be established. An environmental impact assessment should be undertaken before the newly discovered lithium is mined.

It may be noted that Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi approved mining reforms in 2021 in order to open more sites to mining and to make a level playing field for the public and private sectors. The Government pledged that these reforms would reduce the environmental damage from mines and make their operations sustainable.

With the domestic manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries, EVs and solar power manufacturing will pick up. India’s Tata Motors already produces the Tata Tiago, one of the cheapest EVs on the market.

While India faces several challenges in scaling up lithium mining, careful planning and investment in infrastructure, technology and sustainable practices could enable it to develop a successful lithium mining industry. India’s significant lithium reserves provide an opportunity for the country to develop new renewable energy supply chains and potentially achieve energy independence. This would allow the country to become a changemaker in sustainable development.

This article, authored by Monika Chaudhary, was published on East Asia Forum portal on March 15, 2023. Ms Chaudhary is an Associate Professor of Strategy and Finance at IIHMR University, Jaipur & Associate Faculty at Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University. Read the original article

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